American Audio Amplifier VX Series User Manual

							
User Instructions
AmericAn Audio®
6122 S. eastern Ave
Los Angeles ca. 90040
6/09
Professional Power Amplifiers
VX Series 
						

							
This symbol is intended to alert the user to the presence of non insulated "dangerous voltage" within the product's enclosure that may be of sufficient magnitude to 
constitute a risk of electric shock to persons.
This symbol is intended to alert the user of the presence of important operating and maintenance (servicing) instructions\
 in the literature accompanying the product.
CaUtIon: risk of the electrical shock - Do not open!
CaUtIon: To reduce the risk of electrical shock, do not remove cover. No user serviceable parts inside. Refer all  servicing to qualified service personnel.
WarnIng: To prevent electrical shock or fire hazard, do not expose this amplifier to rain or moisture. Before using this amplifier, read the user manual for further warnings.
Ce symbole est utilisé pur indiquer  à l’utilisateur la présence à l 'intérieur de ce produit de tension non-isolée dangereuse pouvant être d'intensité suffisante pour 
constituer un risque de choc électrique.
ce symbole est utilisé pour indiquer à l’utilisateur qu'il trouvera d'importantes instructions importantes sur l'utilisation et l'ent\
retien de l'appareil dans la littérature 
accompagnant le produit.
ATTenTion: risque de choc électrique - ne p AS ouvrir!  
ATTenTion: Afin de réduire le risque de choc électrique, ne pas enlever le couvercle. Il ne se trouve à l’intérieur aucune piéce pouvant être réparée par l'utilisateur. Confier 
l'entretien à un personnel qualifié.
Aver TiSSemenT : Afin de prévenir les risque de décharge ou de feu, n’exposez pas cet appareil à la pluie ou à l’humidité. Avant d’utiliser cet amplificateur, lisez les aver-
tissements supplémentaries situés dans le guide.
este símbolo tiene el propósito de alertar al usuario de la presencia de  “voltaje peligroso“ que no tiene aislamiento dentro de la caja del producto que puede tener 
una magnitud suficiente como para constituir riesgo de corrientazo.
este símbolo tiene el propósito de alertar al usuario de la presencia de instrucciones importantes sobre la operación y mantenimiento en la literatura que vienc con 
el producto.
PreCaUCIón:  riesgo del choque eléctrico - no se abra
PreCaUCIón: Para disminuir el riesgo de choque eléctrico, no quite la cubierta. No  hay piezas adentro que el usario puede reparar. Deje todo mantenimiento al los téc-
nicos cualificados.
adVertenCIa: Para prevenir choque eléctrico o riesgo de incendios, no deja expuesto a la lluvia o a la humedad este amplificador. Antes de usar este amplificador, lea 
mas advertencias en la guia de operacion.
dieses Symobl soll den Anwender vor unisollierten gefährlichen Spannungen innerhalb des Gehäuses warnen, die von Ausreichender Stärke sind, um einen elek-
trischen Schlag verursachen zu können.
Dieses Symobl soll den Benutzer auf wichtige Instruktionen in der Bedi enungsanleitung aufmerksam machen, die Handhabung und Wartung des Produkts betref-
fen.
VorSICht: Risiko - Elektrischer Schlag! Nicht öffnen!
VorSICht: Um ddas Risiko eines elektrischen Schlages zu vermeiden, nicht die Abdeckung enfernen. Es befinden sich keine Teile darin, die vom Anwender repariert 
werden könnten. Reparaturen nur von qualifizierte Fachpersonal durchführen lassen.
aChtUng: Um einen elektrischen Schlag oder Feuergefahr zu vermeiden, sollte diesen Gerät nicht dem Regen oder Feuchtigkeit ausgesetz werden. Vor Inbetriebnahme unbedingt die Bedienungsanleitung lesen. 
©American Audio®  -  www.americanaudio.com  -  vX Series™ power Amplifier user manual  page 2 
						

							
CAUTION: TO REDUCE THE RISK OF ELECTRIC 
SHOCK, DO NOT REMOVE THE COVER.  
THERE ARE NO USER SERVICEABLE PARTS 
INSIDE.  REFER ALL SERVICE TO YOUR 
AUTHORIZED AMERICAN AUDIO® deALer.
CaUtIon
Do not open -
risk of electric shockFOR  OPTIMUM  PERFORMANCE  AND 
RELIABILITY  DO  NOT  PRESENT  THE 
AMPLIFIER  WITH  A  SPEAKER  LOAD 
O F   L E S S   T H A N   2   O H M S   O R   A N Y 
COMBINATION  OF  SPEAKERS  THAT 
TOGETHER ARE LESS THAN 2 OHMS!
USING  ONE  SPEAKER,  IT  MUST  BE 
RATED AT 4 OR MORE OHMS.
USING  TWO  SPEAKERS,  THEY  MUST 
RATED EACH  AT 4 OR MORE OHMS.
U S I N G   T H R E E   S P E A K E R S ,   T H E Y 
MUST BE RATED EACH AT 8 OR MORE 
OHMS.
The  lightning  flash  with  an  arrow  triangular 
symbol  is  intended  to  alert  the  user  to  the 
presence of non insulated “dangerous volt-
age”  within  the  products  enclosure,  and 
may  be  of  sufficient  magnitude  to  consti-
tute a risk of electric shock.
The  exclamation  point  triangular  symbol  is 
intended  to  alert  the  user  to  the  presence 
of  important  operating  and  maintenance 
(servicing)  instructions  in  the  user  manual 
accompanying the amplifier.
P O U R   A S S U R E R   L A   F I A B I L E T E   E T 
OBTENIT  UNE  PERFORMANCE  OPTIMALE,  
N ES O U M E T T E   JA M A I S   L’A M PL I FI CAT EU R 
A   U N E   C H A R G E   D ’ I M P E D A N C E   T O TA L E 
INFERIEURE  A  2  OHMS,  NI  AVEC  UN  H.P.  NI 
EN COMBINAISON DES H.P.
AV E C   U N   H . P. ,   I L   FA U T   U N E   C H A R G E 
D’IMPEDANCE MINIMUM DE 2 OHMS. 
AVEC  DEUX  H.P.,  FAUT  POUR  CHAOUN  UNE 
C H A R G E   D ’ I M P E DA N C E   M I N I M U M   D E   4 
OHMS.
AVEC  TROIS  H.P.,  FAUT  POUR  CHAOUN  UNE 
C H U R G E   D ’ I M P E DA N C E   M I N I M U M   D E   8 
OHMS.
ContentS:
Safety precautions...............................................................\
........................................................................\
................................................4
introduction...............................................................................................................................................................................................4
Front  Panel...................................................................................................................................................................................................5
rear  panels...................................................................\
........................................................................\
.......................................................6
Inputs...........................................................................................................................................................................................................8
Outputs............................................................................................................................................................................................................8
Speakon  output connector Assembly........................................................................\
........................................................................\
.......10
operating  modes.........................................................................................................................\
...............................................................11
protection circuitry
 Limiter.................................................................................................................................................................................................13
 Short circuit  protection................................................................\
........................................................................\
...........................13
 Thermal  protection................................................................\
........................................................................\
..................................13
Amplifier Features.......................................................................................................................................................................................13
Amplifier Password/Lock Feature...............................................................................................................................................................16
Speaker Setup............................................................................................................................................................................................15
Warranty.................................................................................................................................................................................................16
Specifications...............................................................................................................................................................................................17
©American Audio®  -  www.americanaudio.com  -  vX Series™ power Amplifier user manual  page 3 
						

							
Important Precautions
•   To reduce the risk of electrical shock or fire, do not expose this  
   unit rain or moisture.
•   do not spill water or other liquids into or on to your unit.
•   do not attempt to operate this unit if the power cord has been  
   frayed or broken.
•   do not attempt to remove or break off the ground prong from  
   the electrical cord. This prong is used to reduce the risk of elec- 
   trical shock and fire in case of an internal short.
•   disconnect main power before making any type of connection
•   do not remove the cover under any conditions. There are no 
   user serviceable parts inside.
•   never plug this unit in to a dimmer pack.
•   Always be sure to mount this unit in an area that will allow  
     proper ventilation. Allow about 6” (15cm) between this device 
   and a wall.
•   do not attempt to operate this unit, if it becomes damaged.
•   This unit is intended for indoor use only, use of this product out-
   doors voids all warranties.
•   during long periods of non-use, disconnect the unit’s main 
   power.
•   Always mount this unit in a safe and stable manner.
•   power cords should be routed so they are not likely to be    
   walked on, pinched by items placed upon or against them.
•   cleaning -The outside of the unit should be wipe down with a 
   soft cloth and mild cleaner when needed.
•   Heat -The appliance should be situated away from heat sources  
   such as radiators, heat registers, stoves, or other appliances  
     (including amplifiers) that produce heat.
•   The fixture should  be serviced by qualified service personnel 
   when:
     A. The power-supply cord or the plug has been damaged.
    B. Objects have fallen on, or liquid has been spilled into the unit.
    C. The appliance has been exposed to rain or water.
    D. The fixture does not appear to operate normally or exhibits a  
 
        marked change in performance.
Introduction
Introduction:   congratulations  and  thank  you  for  purchasing 
this  American  Audio® v X Series™  amplifier.  This  amplifier  is  a 
representation  of  American  Audio’s  continuing  commitment  to 
produce  the  best  and  highest  quality  products  all  at  an  affordable 
price.  please  read  and  understand  this  manual  completely  before 
attempting  to  operate  your  new  amplifier.  This  booklet  contains 
important information concerning the proper and safe operation of 
your new amplifier.
Unpacking: every vX Series™ amplifier has been thoroughly test-
ed  and  has  been  shipped  in  perfect  operating  condition.  carefully 
check  the  shipping  carton  for  damage  that  may  have  occurred 
during  shipping. if  the  carton  appears  to  be  damaged,  carefully 
inspect your unit for any damage and be sure all accessories nec-
essary  to  operate  the  unit  has  arrived  intact.  in  the  event  damage 
has  been  found  or  parts  are  missing,  please  contact  our  toll  free 
customer  support  number  for  further  instructions.  please  do  not 
return  the  amplifier  to  your  dealer  without  contacting  customer 
support first. 
Installation: This  amplifier  is  designed  to  mount  into  a  standard 
19”  rack.  The  front  panel  provides  four  holes  used  to  screw  the 
unit  into  a  rack.  The  unit  also  provides  a  way  to  rear  mount  the 
unit into a rack for added security.  rear mounting the unit is espe-
cially recommended for this amplifier if the unit is to mounted into 
a mobile rack.  
Customer support: American Audio® provides a toll free custom-
er support line, to provide set up help and  to answer any question 
should you encounter problems during your set up or initial opera-
tion. You may also visit us on the web at www.americanaudio.com 
for any comments or suggestions. For service related issue please 
contact  American  Audio®.  Service  Hours  are  Monday  through 
Friday 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Pacific Standard Time.
    Voice: (800) 322-6337      E-mail: [email protected]
    Fax: (323) 582-2610
©American Audio®  -  www.americanaudio.com  -  vX Series™ power Amplifier user manual  page 4 
						

							
1. Channel Signal Indicators - These green and yellow Led’s will glow 
according to the average signal output.
2.  Channel  Protect  Indicator  -  The  red protect  Led  will  begin  to  glow 
when the channel goes into protect mode. When the channel goes into 
protect mode all output for that channel will turn off. This is to protect any 
speakers connected to the channel.
3.  Power Switch - This switch is used to control the units main power. 
4.  LCd  Screen  - This  Lcd  screen  lets  you  know  the  current  tempera-
tures  of  both  channels.  it  also  will  display  the  different  menus  and  set-
tings when accessed using the menu and enter buttons.
5. Channel Limiter Indicator - This red LED will begin to flash when the 
respective channel begins to overload (clip). At this point channel one will 
begin  to  distort. under  heavy  clipping  activity  lower  the  channels  gain 
control to reduce the risk of damage to your speakers and amplifier. This 
Led may glow when the unit has been turned off, this is normal.
6.  Channel  B gain  Control  -  This  rotary  knob  is  used  to  control  the 
output signal of channel B. Turning the knob in a clockwise direction will 
increase signal output.
7. enter Button - This button will allow you to access the different set-
tings located in the menu. push this button to set your desired setting.
8.  down  Button  - This  button  allows  you  to  scroll  backwards  when  in 
the menu settings.
9.  Up  Button  - This  button  allows  you  to  scroll  forwards  when  in  the 
©American Audio®  -  www.americanaudio.com  -  VX Series™ Power Amplifier User Manual  Page 5
Front Panel
VX1000 
VX1500
VX2500
menu settings.
10. Menu Button - This button, when pushed, lets you access the amp 
menu. continue to push to scroll through the menu choices
11. Function Indicators - These indicators detail the operating mode of 
the amplifier. This blue LED will also function as a power indicator.
12.  Channel  a gain  Control  -  This  rotary  knob  is  used  to  control  the 
output signal of channel A. Turning the knob in a clockwise direction will 
increase signal output.
Figure 19876
32145
121110 
						

							
rear Panel Control
VX1000 & VX1500
21. Cooling Fans - dual high speed cooling fans
22.  Channel a  XLr  Input  - channel  two  3-pin  XLr  balanced  input  jack.  See 
page 9 for more details.
23. Channel a XLr outputs - Channel two 1/4” female jack. Excepts either a  
balanced or unbalanced plug. See page 9 for more details.
24.  Channel  2  Speakon  output  - optional  speaker  output  connections.  use 
pins 1+ and 1- of this 4-pole Speakon connector to connect to your speaker’s 
Speakon input jack.
25. Channel 2 output Jack/5 way Binding Post - connect to your speaker’s 
input jack. Red is positive signal and Black is negative signal.
26. aC Cord - plug this cable into a standard wall outlet.  check that the voltage 
in your area matches the amplifiers required voltage. 
27.  Fuse holder  - This  housing  stores  a  20  amp  G mA  protective  fuse  for  the 
VX1000  and  25  amp  GMA  protective  fuse  for  the  VX  1500.  Never  defeat  the 
fuse, the fuse is designed to protect the electronics in the event of severe power 
fluctuations. Always be sure to replace the fuse with an exact match as the one 
being replaced, unless otherwise told to do so by an authorized American Au-
dio® service technician.
28. Channel 1  output Jack/5 way Binding Post - connect to your speaker’s 
input jack. Red is positive signal and Black is negative signal.
29.  Channel  1  Speakon  output  - optional  speaker  output  connections.  use 
pins 1+ and 1- of this 4-pole Speakon connector to connect to your speaker’s 
Speakon input jack.
30. ground  on/off Switch - if hear a hum or any interference, put the Ground 
switch in the “on” postion .
31. Channel B  trS Input - Channel one 1/4” female jack. Excepts either a  bal-
anced or unbalanced plug. See page 9 for more details.
32.  Channel  B  XLr  input  - channel  one  3-pin  XLr  balanced  input  jack.  See 
page 9 for more details.
Figure 2
©American Audio®  -  www.americanaudio.com  -  vX Series™ power Amplifier user manual  page 6
21212625242322
282731302932 
						

							
©American Audio®  -  www.americanaudio.com  -  VX Series™ Power Amplifier User Manual  Page 7
rear Panel Control
VX2500
33. Cooling Fans - dual high speed cooling fans
34. Channel a XLr Input - channel A 3-pin XLr balanced input jack. See page 
9 for more details.
35. Channel  a XLr ouput - Channel A XLR output jack. Excepts either a  bal-
anced or unbalanced plug. See page 9 for more details.
36.  Channel  a  Speakon output  - optional  speaker  output  connections.  use 
pins 1+ and 1- of this 4-pole Speakon connector to connect to your speaker’s 
Speakon input jack.
37. Channel a output Jack/5 way Binding Post - connect to your speaker’s 
input jack. Red is positive signal and Black is negative signal.
38.  Fuse  holder  - This  housing  stores  a  30  amp  G mA  protective  fuse.  never 
defeat  the  fuse,  the  fuse  is  designed  to  protect  the  electronics  in  the  event  of 
severe  power  fluctuations.  Always  be  sure  to  replace  the  fuse  with  an  exact 
match as the one being replaced, unless otherwise told to do so by an autho-
rized American Audio® service technician. 
39.  aC Cord - plug this cable into a standard wall outlet.  check that the voltage 
in your area matches the amplifiers required voltage. 
40. Channel B output Jack/5 way Binding Post - connect to your speaker’s 
input jack. Red is positive signal and Black is negative signal.
41.  Channel  B  Speakon  output  - optional  speaker  output  connections.  use 
pins 1+ and 1- of this 4-pole Speakon connector to connect to your speaker’s 
Speakon input jack.
42. ground  on/off Switch - if hear a hum or any interference, put the Ground 
switch in the “on” postion .
43. Channel B XLr output - Channel B XLR output jack. Excepts either a  bal-
anced or unbalanced plug. See page 9 for more details.
44. Channel B XLr Input - Channel B 3-pin XLR balanced input jack. See page 
9 for more details.
403943424144
33333837363534
Figure 3 
						

							
oUtpUts: 
binding post/banana plug - Connect your speakers to the binding post outputs on the rear of the amplifier. The 
speaker wire may be connect by bare wire (directly connected, usually for permanent connections), banana plug, 
or spade connector. connections are made to  channels 1 and 2 output’s for stereo mode or across the red ter-
minals of Channels 1 and 2 for Mono Bridge Mode. 
Important notice:  Although  a  speaker  will  operate  with  the  positive  and  negative  leads  plugged  into  either  ter-
minal  on  the  amplifier  binding  post,  be  sure  to  plug  the  negative  lead  into  the  black  terminal  and  positive  lead 
into  the  red  terminal.  ensuring  proper  polarity  will  avoid  speakers  being  out  of  phase,  that  can  cause  a  loss  of 
bass response.
Important notice: Banana Plugs - When connecting your speakers to the amplifier using banana jacks; Be sure that the red and black 
caps on the binding post are completely screwed in.  insert the banana jacks into the caps of the binding post, be sure that the banana 
jack is inserted securely to avoid the risk of it popping out.
Figure 5
Set Up
InpUt - The vX Series amplifiers have one XLr jack for balanced input per channel.  use this connection to connect the output signal 
from  a  mixer,  cross-over  or  EQ  to  your  VX  Series  amplifier.  A  balanced  connection  is  recommended  for  cable  runs  longer  that  20ft. 
When  constructing  your  own  XLR  cables  follow  the  pin  configuration  describe  below  for  proper  connections.  You  may  use  the  two 
XLR  “Input  Thru”  jacks  to  jump  a  parallel  connection  to  another  amplifier  or  other  device.  For  Example:  Connect  a  XLR  cable  to  the 
input of channel one. You may now connect a XLR cable from the channel one “Input Thru” jack to the input jack of another amplifier’s 
channel one input. This will reduce the use of “Y” cables.
©American Audio®  -  www.americanaudio.com  -  VX Series™ Power Amplifier User Manual  Page 8
2 Hot (+ data)
3 (- data)
1 Ground/Return/ 0v)
1
3
2
Male XLR Pin Con guration:
US ITT Standard
Figure 4
Return 
						

							
©American Audio®  -  www.americanaudio.com  -  vX Series™ power Amplifier user manual  page 9
spade Connector: (Figure 7)
When connecting your speakers to the amplifier using spade connector; Unscrew the red and black caps on 
the binding post, be sure not to completely remove or unscrew the red and black caps. insert the spade con-
nector in to the binding post and tighten the caps down on the spade connector. To reduce the risk of shock 
or  damage  to  your  amplifier,  be  sure  that  the  wire  connected  to  one  binding  post  does  not  come  in  contact 
with that of another. 
When connecting your speakers to the amplifier using banana jacks; Be sure that the red and black caps on 
the  binding  post  are  tighten  down  completely. insert  the  banana  jacks  into  the  caps  of  the  binding  post,  be 
sure that the banana jack is inserted securely to avoid the risk of it popping out.
Mono bridge Connections:
mono  bridge  operation  connections  will  follow  the  above  descriptions  however,  when  operating  in  mono 
bridge operation the speaker connections will run between the two positive (red) leads.  use channel two pos-
itive output terminal for the negative connection and the channel one positive output terminal for the positive 
connection.
Typical speaker output using 
spade connectors. insert 
bare wire into the binding 
post and tighten.
Figure 7
stereo Connections Using the neutrik speakon output connectors:
recent regulatory requirements in europe have outlawed the use of the dual banana plug and force amp users to terminate their speaker 
cables  with  spade  lugs  or  bare  wire  ends.  This  is  not  advantageous  to  most  users  that  want  to  reconfigure  their  systems  or  quickly 
change  out  an  amp.  The neutrik  Speakon® connector  provides  the  most  convenient  solution  to  this  problem,  eliminating  the  need  for 
spade plugs or bare wire end cables.  major speaker manufacturers have been using Speakon connectors on their products for years, 
so chances are you are ready to use the Speakon connection. With Speakon connectors, you can connect straight from the amplifier 
to the speaker. The Speakon connector used on this amplifier meets all known safety regulations. Once wired correctly, the connector 
cannot be plugged in backwards, causing the type of inverted polarity situations that have become common with banana hookups. This 
connection  will  provide  a  safe,  secure  and  reliable  method  of  connecting  your  speakers  to  your  new  amplifier.  You  can  purchase  the 
Speakon® NL4FC connectors from your local audio dealer.
bare Wire Connections:  (Figure 9)
When  connecting  your  speakers  to  the  amplifier  using  bare  wire;  loosen  the  red  and 
black  caps  on  the  binding  post,  be  sure  not  to  completely  remove  or  unscrew  the  red 
and  black  caps.  Strip  back  the  wire  insulation  1/2”  (13mm).  insert  the  bare  wire  into  the 
hole  that  was  reveled  by  unscrewing  the  binding  post  cap.  After  inserting  the  wire  into 
the binding post hole, screw the binding post cap down on the wire. To reduce the risk of 
shock  or  damage  to  your  amplifier,  be  sure  that  the  wire  connected  to  one  binding  post 
does not come in contact with that of another. recommended wire guage is 12. Typical speaker output using bare wire. insert 
bare wire into the binding post and tighten.
Figure 6 
						

							
©American Audio®  -  www.americanaudio.com  -  vX Series™ power Amplifier user manual  page 10
SP eakon  aSSeMBL y:  You  will  need  a  pair  of  Neutrik  Speakon®  NL4FC 
connectors.  You  will  also  need  high-quality  two  or  four  conductor  speaker 
cable, a pair of needle-nosed pliers and a 1.5-mm Allen key to assemble the 
Speakon connectors to your speaker wire. To assemble the  neutrik Speakon 
NL4FC connector, complete the following steps:
1. Strip back 3/4-inch of the cable casing. Strip off 1/4-inch from the end of 
each of the conductors down to bare wire, and insert the brass fittings. See 
Figure 8.
2.  Slide  the  cable  tension  clip  (d)  and  the  speakon  coupler  (e)  through  the 
cable end. See Figure 9.
3. Insert each wire with the brass fittings into the top of appropriate slot of the 
connector insert (B) as shown in Figures 9 and 10. Use a 1.5-mm Allen key to 
tighten the connection. See Figure 10.
4.  Be  sure  to  properly  match  the  positive  (+)  and  negative  (–)  leads  of  each 
wire. See Figure 11. For Bridge-Mono connection see Figure 12.
5. Slide the connector insert (B) into the connector housing (A), making sure 
that  the  large  notch  on  the  outer  edge  of  the  insert  lines  up  with  the  large 
groove on the inside of the connector housing. The insert should slide easily 
through  the  housing  and  out  the  other  side  until  it  extends  approximately  3 
/4-inch from the end of the housing.
6. Slide the cable tension clip (d) along the cable and insert into the housing 
(A),  making  sure  that  the  large  notch  lines  up  with  the  large  groove  on  the 
inside  of  the  connector  housing  (A).  The  cable  tension  clip  (d)  should  slide 
easily into the housing until only 3 /8-inch of the cable tension clip (D) extends 
from the back end of the connector.
7.  Slide  the  coupler  (E)  along  the  cable  and  screw  it  onto  the  end  of  the 
housing  (A).  Before  tightening,  you  may  want  to  test  the  connector  to  make 
sure it has been assembled properly.
C  1C  2UTPUTSCAUTIONMINIMUM LOAD IMPEDANCE 2 OHM PERCHANNEL 4 OHM BRIDGEINPUT TUINPUT BAANCE120 604800  ATTSSPEAKON1+ HOT1   COLDC  1C  2- +- +N- B ID E +
+
+1
-1
+2
+2
++1
-1
+2
+2
Figure 11
Figure 10
Figure 8
4-Conductor Speaker CableBrass Inserts
Figure 9
DEBAC
INPUT TU120 604800  ATTSC  1- +C  1C  2UTPUTSCAUTIONMINIMUM LOAD IMPEDANCE 2 OHM PERCHANNEL 4 OHM BRIDGEINPUT BAANCESPEAKON1+ HOT1   COLDC  2- +N- B ID E +
+
+1
-1
+2
+2
Figure 12