Nintendo 8 Bit Manual
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Appendix C
iNES Mapper Numbers
The following mapper numbers are based on [9]:
iNES Mapper Number Mapper Name
0 NROM, no mapper
1 Nintendo MMC1
2 UNROM switch
3 CNROM switch
4 Nintendo MMC3
5 Nintendo MMC5
6 FFE F4xxx
7 AOROM switch
8 FFE F3xxx
9 Nintendo MMC2
10 Nintendo MMC4
11 ColorDreams chip
12 FFE F6xxx
15 100-in-1 switch
16 Bandai chip
17 FFE F8xxx
18 Jaleco SS8806 chip
19 Namcot 106 chip
20 Nintendo DiskSystem
21 Konami VRC4a
22 Konami VRC2a
23 Konami VRC2a...](http://img.usermanuals.tech/thumb/3479/104410/w64_8-bit-manual-1523633821_d-35.png "Page 36
36
Appendix C
iNES Mapper Numbers
The following mapper numbers are based on [9]:
iNES Mapper Number Mapper Name
0 NROM, no mapper
1 Nintendo MMC1
2 UNROM switch
3 CNROM switch
4 Nintendo MMC3
5 Nintendo MMC5
6 FFE F4xxx
7 AOROM switch
8 FFE F3xxx
9 Nintendo MMC2
10 Nintendo MMC4
11 ColorDreams chip
12 FFE F6xxx
15 100-in-1 switch
16 Bandai chip
17 FFE F8xxx
18 Jaleco SS8806 chip
19 Namcot 106 chip
20 Nintendo DiskSystem
21 Konami VRC4a
22 Konami VRC2a
23 Konami VRC2a...")
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Appendix D
Memory Mapper Functions
The information in this section is based on [6] with additional information about MMC1 from
[46].
D.1 UNROM Switch
Address Data
$8000-$FFFF 16 KB PRG-ROM bank number to load into $8000.
On reset, the first PRG-ROM bank is loaded into $8000 and the last PRG-ROM bank is
loaded into $C000. Switching is only allowed for the bank at $8000, the one at $C000 is
permanently assigned to that location. Since this mapper has no support for VROM, games...](http://img.usermanuals.tech/thumb/3479/104410/w64_8-bit-manual-1523633821_d-36.png "Page 37
37
Appendix D
Memory Mapper Functions
The information in this section is based on [6] with additional information about MMC1 from
[46].
D.1 UNROM Switch
Address Data
$8000-$FFFF 16 KB PRG-ROM bank number to load into $8000.
On reset, the first PRG-ROM bank is loaded into $8000 and the last PRG-ROM bank is
loaded into $C000. Switching is only allowed for the bank at $8000, the one at $C000 is
permanently assigned to that location. Since this mapper has no support for VROM, games...")
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Appendix F
NES Colour Palette
There are different interpretations of the NES colour palette. The palette as defined in [47] is
shown below. Alternatives are presented in [5] and [48].
Figure F-1. NES colour palette.
Palette
Entry RGB Value Palette
Entry RGB Value
00 75, 75, 75 20 FF, FF, FF
01 27, 1B, 8F 21 3F, BF, FF
02 00, 00, AB 22 5F, 97, FF
03 47, 00, 9F 23 A7, 8B, FD
04 8F, 00, 77 24 F7, 7B, FF
05 AB, 00, 13 25 FF, 77, B7
06 A7, 00, 00 26 FF, 77,...](http://img.usermanuals.tech/thumb/3479/104410/w64_8-bit-manual-1523633821_d-44.png "Page 45
45
Appendix F
NES Colour Palette
There are different interpretations of the NES colour palette. The palette as defined in [47] is
shown below. Alternatives are presented in [5] and [48].
Figure F-1. NES colour palette.
Palette
Entry RGB Value Palette
Entry RGB Value
00 75, 75, 75 20 FF, FF, FF
01 27, 1B, 8F 21 3F, BF, FF
02 00, 00, AB 22 5F, 97, FF
03 47, 00, 9F 23 A7, 8B, FD
04 8F, 00, 77 24 F7, 7B, FF
05 AB, 00, 13 25 FF, 77, B7
06 A7, 00, 00 26 FF, 77,...")
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References
[1] Patrick Diskin, “Nintendo Entertainment System Emulator”, School of Computer
Science, The University of Birmingham, 2004
[2] Andrew John Jacobs, “6502 Reference”,
http://www.obelisk.demon.co.uk/6502/reference.html, 2002
[3] Andrew John Jacobs, “6502 Instructions”,
http://www.obelisk.demon.co.uk/6502/instructions.html, 2002
[4] Andrew John Jacobs, “6502 Architecture”,
http://www.obelisk.demon.co.uk/6502/architecture.html, 2002
[5] Chris Covell, “NES Technical /...](http://img.usermanuals.tech/thumb/3479/104410/w64_8-bit-manual-1523633821_d-45.png "Page 46
46
References
[1] Patrick Diskin, “Nintendo Entertainment System Emulator”, School of Computer
Science, The University of Birmingham, 2004
[2] Andrew John Jacobs, “6502 Reference”,
http://www.obelisk.demon.co.uk/6502/reference.html, 2002
[3] Andrew John Jacobs, “6502 Instructions”,
http://www.obelisk.demon.co.uk/6502/instructions.html, 2002
[4] Andrew John Jacobs, “6502 Architecture”,
http://www.obelisk.demon.co.uk/6502/architecture.html, 2002
[5] Chris Covell, “NES Technical /...")
41 E.4 Indexed Absolute Indexed absolute addressing takes two operands, forming a 16-bit address, least significant byte first, and adds the value of a register to it to give the address where the data can be found. For example, if the operands are bb and cc, the address of the data will be ccbb + X. There are two forms of indexed absolute addressing: • Absolute, X - Add contents of X register to operand. An example of this addressing mode is AND $1234.X. • Absolute, Y - Add contents of Y register to operand. An example of this addressing mode is AND $1234.Y. Figure E-4. Indexed absolute addressing. E.5 Indirect Indirect addressing takes two operands, forming a 16-bit address, which identifies the least significant byte of another address which is where the data can be found. For example if the operands are bb and cc, and ccbb contains xx and ccbb + 1 contains yy, then the real target address is yyxx. On the 6502, only JMP (Jump) uses this addressing mode and an example is JMP ($1234). The diagram shows the general form of indirect addressing. However, with the JMP instruction, instead of yyxx pointing to the data and the program counter being increased by three, the program counter is set to yyxx and execution resumes from that address.
42 Figure E-5. Indirect addressing. E.6 Implied Many instructions do not require access to operands stored in memory. Examples of implied instructions are CLD (Clear Decimal Mode) and NOP (No Operation). E.7 Accumulator Some instructions operate directly on the contents of the accumulator. The only instructions to use this addressing mode are the shift instructions, ASL (Arithmetic Shift Left), LSR (Logical Shift Right), ROL (Rotate Left) and ROR (Rotate Right). E.8 Immediate Instructions which use immediate addressing operate directly on a constant supplied as an operand to the instruction. Immediate instructions are indicated by prefacing the operand with #, for example AND #$12. Figure E-6. Immediate addressing.
43 E.9 Relative Relative addressing is used in branch instructions. This addressing mode causes the value of the program counter to change if a certain condition is met. The condition is dependant on the instruction. The program counter increments by two regardless of the outcome of the condition but if the condition is true the single operand is added to the program counter to give the new value. For this purpose, the operand is interpreted as a signed byte, that is in the range -128 to 127 to allow forward and backward branching. An example of this addressing mode is BCS *+5 where * represents the current value of the program counter. Figure E-7. Relative addressing. E.10 Indexed Indirect Indexed indirect (also known as pre-indexed) addressing takes a single byte as an operand and adds the value of the X register to it (with wraparound) to give the address of the least significant byte of the target address. For example, if the operand is bb, 00bb is xx and 00bb + 1 is yy then the data can be found at yyxx. An example of this addressing mode is AND ($12,X). Figure E-8. Indexed indirect addressing.
44 E.11 Indirect Indexed Indirect indexed (also known as post-indexed) addressing takes a single operand which gives the zero page address of the least significant byte of a 16-bit address which is then added to the Y register to give the target address. For example, if the operand is bb, 00bb is xx and 00bb + 1 is yy, then the data can be found at yyxx. An example of this addressing mode is AND ($12),Y. Figure E-19. Indirect indexed addressing.
45 Appendix F NES Colour Palette There are different interpretations of the NES colour palette. The palette as defined in [47] is shown below. Alternatives are presented in [5] and [48]. Figure F-1. NES colour palette. Palette Entry RGB Value Palette Entry RGB Value 00 75, 75, 75 20 FF, FF, FF 01 27, 1B, 8F 21 3F, BF, FF 02 00, 00, AB 22 5F, 97, FF 03 47, 00, 9F 23 A7, 8B, FD 04 8F, 00, 77 24 F7, 7B, FF 05 AB, 00, 13 25 FF, 77, B7 06 A7, 00, 00 26 FF, 77, 63 07 7F, 0B, 00 27 FF, 9B, 3B 08 43, 2F, 00 28 F3, BF, 3F 09 00, 47, 00 29 83, D3, 13 0A 00, 51, 00 2A 4F, DF, 4B 0B 00, 3F, 17 2B 58, F8, 98 0C 1B, 3F, 5F 2C 00, EB, DB 0D 00, 00, 00 2D 00, 00, 00 0E 00, 00, 00 2E 00, 00, 00 0F 00, 00, 00 2F 00, 00, 00 10 BC, BC, BC 30 FF, FF, FF 11 00, 73, EF 31 AB, E7, FF 12 23, 3B, EF 32 C7, D7, FF 13 83, 00, F3 33 D7, CB, FF 14 BF, 00, BF 34 FF, C7, FF 15 E7, 00, 5B 35 FF, C7, DB 16 DB, 2B, 00 36 FF, BF, B3 17 CB, 4F, 0F 37 FF, DB, AB 18 8B, 73, 00 38 FF, E7, A3 19 00, 97, 00 39 E3, FF, A3 1A 00, AB, 00 3A AB, F3, BF 1B 00, 93, 3B 3B B3, FF, CF 1C 00, 83, 8B 3C 9F, FF, F3 1D 00, 00, 00 3D 00, 00, 00 1E 00, 00, 00 3E 00, 00, 00 1F 00, 00, 00 3F 00, 00, 00
46 References [1] Patrick Diskin, “Nintendo Entertainment System Emulator”, School of Computer Science, The University of Birmingham, 2004 [2] Andrew John Jacobs, “6502 Reference”, http://www.obelisk.demon.co.uk/6502/reference.html, 2002 [3] Andrew John Jacobs, “6502 Instructions”, http://www.obelisk.demon.co.uk/6502/instructions.html, 2002 [4] Andrew John Jacobs, “6502 Architecture”, http://www.obelisk.demon.co.uk/6502/architecture.html, 2002 [5] Chris Covell, “NES Technical / Emulation / Development FAQ 1.4”, NesDev, http://nesdev.parodius.com/NESTechFAQ.htm#nessnescompat, 2002 [6] Firebug, “Comprehensive NES Mapper Document 0.8”, NesDev, http://nesdev.parodius.com/mappers.zip, 1999 [7] Jeremy Chadwick, “Nintendo Entertainment System Documentation 2.0”, NesDev, http://nesdev.parodius.com/ndox200.zip, 1999 [8] Loopy, “The Skinny on NES Scrolling”, NesDev, http://nesdev.parodius.com/loopyppu.zip, 1999 [9] Marat Fayzullin, “Nintendo Entertainment System Architecture 2.4”, Department of Computer Science, University of Maryland, http://fms.komkon.org/EMUL8/NES.html (link no longer works, a copy of version 2.2 is at http://oldnes.sourceforge.net/doc/NES- %20by%20Marat%20Fayzullin.html), 2002 [10] David Sheff, Game Over: Nintendo’s Battle To Dominate An Industry, Hodder and Stoughton, 1993 [11] Nintendo, “Company History”, Nintendo of America Inc., http://www.nintendo.com/corp/history.jsp, 2004 [12] Jonathan Smith, Construction Complete? Computer Gaming’s Battle To Take Over The World, Future Publishing Ltd, 2000 [13] Dale Hansen, “Nintendo Entertainment System / Famicom Console Information”, Console Database, http://consoledatabase.retrofaction.com/consoleinfo/nes/ [14] GameSpy, “The Museum: Nintendo Entertainment System”, GameSpy, http://www.classicgaming.com/museum/nes/ [15] Aaron Mims, The Video Game Museum, http://www.vgmuseum.com/systems/topnes/nes.jpg [16] Marcus Liedholm and Mattias Liedholm, “The History of the Nintendo Entertainment System or Famicom”, Nintendo Land, http://www.nintendoland.com/nes/history.htm [17] Marat Fayzullin, “How To Write a Computer Emulator”, Department of Computer Science, University of Maryland, http://fms.komkon.org/EMUL8/HOWTO.html (link no longer works, a copy is at http://people.ac.upc.es/vmoya/docs/HowToMarat.html) [18] Arnold Burdett, Diana Burkhardt, John Cushion, Aline Cumming, Alan Hunter, Frank Hurvid, Thomas Ng, Tim Reeve, John Southall, Brian Jackson, John Jaworski and Graham Rogers, The British Computer Society - A Glossary of Computing Terms (Ninth Edition), pp. 30-31, Longman, 1998 [19] Ian Buck, “Hardware Console Design”, Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, http://graphics.stanford.edu/~ianbuck/proj/Nintendo/Nintendo.html, 1998 [20] Wikipedia, “Binary translation”, Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_translation, 2003 [21] Sam Michaels, “Zophar’s Domain: NES Emulators”, Zophar’s Domain, http://www.zophar.net/nes.html, 2004 [22] Nikolas Gavalas, “How to write an emulator”, Department of Computer Engineering and Computer Science, College of Engineering, California State University Long Beach, http://www.cecs.csulb.edu/~hill/cecs497/nestreme/howto.html, 2002 [23] TeamKNOx, “ChameleonNES”, http://home.att.ne.jp/gamma/TeamKNOx/ChameleonNES/ChameleonNES.html, 2003
47 [24] RealityMan, “UltraHLE - Nintendo 64 High Level Emulator”, www.ultrahle.com, 2003 [25] Nintendo, “Legal Information (Copyrights, Emulators, ROMs, etc.)”, Nintendo of America Inc., http://www.nintendo.com/corp/legal.jsp [26] The Scribe, “The Nintendo Emulation FAQ v2.0 - A Commentary”, EmulationZone, http://www.emulationzone.org/articles/emufaq/NFAQ20_response.zip, 1999 [27] Marcus Liedholm and Mattias Liedholm, “Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) or Famicom Tech specs and Hardware”, Nintendo Land, http://www.nintendoland.com/home2.htm?nes/tech.htm, 2000 [28] Christian Nutt and Benjamin Turner, “Nintendo Famicom: 20 Years Of Fun”, GameSpy, http://archive.gamespy.com/articles/july03/famicom/index.shtml, 2003 [29] Lance A. Leventhal, 6502 Assembly Language Programming (Second Edition), McGraw-Hill, 1986 [30] Alan Clements, The Principles of Computer Hardware (Second Edition), pp. 363-366, Oxford, 1991 [31] Stuart Anderson, Microprocessor Technology, Newnes, 1994 [32] John Picken, “6502 Opcodes”, 6502.org, http://www.6502.org/tutorials/6502opcodes.htm, 2001 [33] Nintendo, “Nintendo Power Issue 22”, NESPlayer.com, http://www.nesplayer.com/technical/tech.htm [34] Wikipedia, “NTSC”, Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTSC, 2004 [35] Wikipedia, “PAL”, Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAL, 2004 [36] Video Game Exchange, “NES 72-pin Repair”, Video Game Exchange, http://www.videogex.com/repair.htm [37] Cory Archangel, “Game Mods”, 21C Magazine, http://www.21cmagazine.com/issue2/cory_clouds.html, 2003 [38] Michael Martin-Banks, “Test Carts”, NESPlayer.com, http://www.nesplayer.com/features/test%20carts/test.htm [39] Martin Nielsen, “The Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) FAQ 3.0A”, http://www.neshq.com/hardware/general/nintendo_entertainment_system.txt, NESHQ.com, 1997 [40] Tennessee Carmel-Veilleux, “UNIF File Format Specifications”, NesDev, http://www.parodius.com/~veilleux/UNIF_current.txt, 2000 [41] Mikko Heinonen, Ville Heinonen and Manu Parssinen, “Nintendo Famicom Disk System”, Pelikonepeijoonit, http://www.pelikonepeijoonit.net/cgi- bin/page.cgi?pkpcode=famidisk [42] Michael Martin-Banks, “Game Genie”, NESPlayer.com, http://www.nesplayer.com/database/accessories/gg.htm [43] Michael Martin-Banks, “NES Controller (Basic)”, NESPlayer.com, http://www.nesplayer.com/database/accessories/images/control.jpg [44] Jason Lunsford, “The Zapper FAQ 0.9”, NESHQ.com, http://www.neshq.com/hardware/general/nes_zapper.txt, 2000 [45] RetroGames, http://www.retrogames.co.uk/stock/assets/images/Mach_- _Nes_Zapper.jpg [46] Matthew J. Richey, “Nintendo MMC1 info for 8-bit NES carts”, NesDev, http://nesdev.parodius.com/mmc1.txt [47] Loopy, “NES Palette”, NesDev, http://nesdev.parodius.com/pal.txt [48] Matt Conte, “NES Palette”, NesDev, http://nesdev.parodius.com/nespal.txt