Home > Panasonic > Projector > Panasonic Projector PT-TW231RU User Manual

Panasonic Projector PT-TW231RU User Manual

    Download as PDF Print this page Share this page

    Have a look at the manual Panasonic Projector PT-TW231RU User Manual online for free. It’s possible to download the document as PDF or print. UserManuals.tech offer 10737 Panasonic manuals and user’s guides for free. Share the user manual or guide on Facebook, Twitter or Google+.

    							Technical Information
    ENGLISH - 71
    Appendix
     
    JCable specifications
    [When connected to a computer]
    Projector
    1
    NC NC1
    Computer (DTE 
    specifications)
    2 2
    3 3
    4 NC NC4
    5 5
    6 6
    7 7
    8 8
    9 9
     
    JControl commands
    When controlling the projector from a computer, the following commands are available:
    [Projector control command]
    Command
    Control contents Remarks
    PON Power [ON]
    POF Power [OFF]
    IIS INPUT selection (Parameter)
    VID = Video
    SVD = S-video 
    RG1 = Computer 1(RGB)
    RG2 = Computer 2(RGB)
    HD1 = HDMI
    SCT = Computer 1(Scart)
    OSH AV mute function Turning off the projection and sound temporarily.
    Sending the command switches ON/OFF.
    Do not switch ON/OFF in a short period of time.
    OFZ Freeze Sending the command switches ON/OFF.
    AUU Volume up
    AUD Volume down
    DZU D. ZOOM up
    DZD D. ZOOM down
    QPW Power query 000 = Standby
    001 = Power on
    Q$S Lamp condition 
    query (Call back)
    0 = Stand-by
    1 = Lamp ON control active
    2 = Lamp ON
    3 = Lamp OFF control active 
    						
    							Technical Information
    72 - ENGLISH
    Appendix
    Other terminals
    Pin assignments and signal names of  terminal 
    J
    Outside view Pin No.
    Signal names
    GND (luminance signal)
    GND (color signal)
    Luminance signal
    Color signal
    Pin assignments and signal names of  terminal
    Outside view Pin No.
    Signal names
     : Not assigned
     - , ,  : GND terminals
    R/PR
    G/G  SYNC/Y
    B/PB
    + 5 V
    DDC data
    HD/SYNC
    VD
    DDC clock
    Pin assignments and signal names of   
    J
    terminal
    Outside view Pin No.
    Signal names
    , , , ,  : Not assigned
     - ,  : GND terminals
    R
    G
    B
    HD/SYNC
    VD
    Pin assignments and signal names of  terminal 
    J
    Outside view Pin No.
    Signal names Pin No.Signal names
    T.M.D.S data 2+T.M.D.S clock shield
    T.M.D.S data 2 shieldT.M.D.S clock -
    T.M.D.S data 2-CEC
    T.M.D.S data 1+—
    T.M.D.S data 1 shieldSCL
    T.M.D.S data 1-SDA
    T.M.D.S data 0+DDC/CEC GND
    T.M.D.S data 0 shield+5V
    T.M.D.S data 0-Hot plug detection
    T.M.D.S clock +
    Odd-numbered pins  to 
    Even-numbered pins  to  
    						
    							Technical Information
    ENGLISH - 73
    Appendix
    List of compatible signals
    The following table specifies the types of signals compatible with the projectors.
    Format :   V = VIDEO, S = S-VIDEO, C = COMPUTER, Y = YP
    BPR, H = HDMI
    Mode Display 
    resolution *1 
    (dots) Scanning 
    frequency
    Dot clock 
    frequency 
    (MHz) Picture 
    quality *2PnP Format
    H (kHz) V (Hz)
    NTSC/NTSC4.43/ PAL-M/PAL60 720 x 480i
    15.759.9 —A V/S
    PAL/PAL-N/SECAM 720 x 576i15.650.0 —A V/S
    480p 640 x 48031.4759.88 25.20 A
    C/Y
    480i
    640 x 480i15.73460.0012.2727 A
    576p 768 x 57631.2550.00 29.50 A
    576i 768 x 576i15.62550.00 14.75 A
    720p 1280 x 72037.50
    50.00 74.25 A
    45.00 60.00 74.25 A
    1035i 1920 x 1035i 33.7560.00 74.25 A
    1080i 1920 x 1080i 28.125
    50.00 74.25 A
    33.75 60.00 74.25 A
    VGA 640 x 48031.47
    59.88 25.149 A ○
    C
    37.86
    74.38 31.50 A ○
    37.86 72.81 31.50 A ○
    37.50 75.00 31.50 A ○
    43.269 85.00 36.00 A
    640 x 400 31.4770.09 25.175 A
    720 x 400 31.4770.09 28.322 A
    SVGA 800 x 60035.156
    56.25 36.00 A ○
    37.88 60.32 40.00 A ○
    46.875 75.00 49.50 A ○
    53.674 85.06 56.25 A ○
    48.08 72.19 50.00 A
    37.90 61.03 40.02 A
    34.50 55.38 36.432 A
    38.00 60.51 40.128 A
    38.60 60.31 38.60 A
    32.70 51.09 32.70 A
    38.00 60.51 40.128 A
    MAC 1280 x 960
    75.0075.08 126.00 A ○
    1280 x 1024 80.0075.08 135.20 A ○
    MAC 13 640 x 48035.00
    66.67 30.24 A ○
    MAC LC13 34.9766.60 31.33 A ○
    MAC 16 832 x 62449.7274.55 57.283 A ○
    MAC 19 1024 x 76860.2475.08 80.01 A ○
    MAC 21 1152 x 87068.6875.06 100.00 A ○
    “i” added to the resolution value indicates an interlaced signal.
    *1 : 
    Picture quality is indicated by the following symbols.
    *2 : 
    AA: Maximum picture quality can be obtained.
    A:  Signals are converted by the image processing circuit. 
    						
    							Technical Information
    74 - ENGLISH
    Appendix
    ModeDisplay 
    resolution *1 
    (dots) Scanning 
    frequency
    Dot clock 
    frequency 
    (MHz) Picture 
    quality *2PnP Format
    H (kHz) V (Hz)
    SXGA+ 1400 x 105063.970
    60.190 107.99 A
    65.350 60.120 122.85 A
    C
    65.120
    59.900 122.43 A ○
    XGA 1024 x 76848.36
    60.00 65.00 A
    68.677 84.977 94.504 A ○
    60.023 75.03 78.75 A ○
    56.476 70.07 75.00 A ○
    60.31 74.92 79.252 A
    48.50 60.02 65.179 A
    44.00 54.58 59.129 A
    63.48 79.35 83.41 A
    62.04 77.07 84.375 A
    61.00 75.70 81.00 A
    46.90 58.20 63.03 A
    47.00 58.30 61.664 A
    58.03 72.00 74.745 A
    1024 x 768i 36.00
    87.17 47.30 A
    35.522 86.96 44.90 A
    SXGA 1152 x 864
    64.2070.40 94.56 A
    1152 x 900 61.20
    65.20 92.00 A
    71.40 75.60 105.10 A
    61.85 66.00 94.50 A
    1280 x 960 60.0060.00 108.00 A ○
    1280 x 1024 62.50
    58.60 108.00 A
    63.90 60.00 107.35 A
    63.34 59.98 108.18 A
    63.74 60.01109.497 A
    71.69 67.19 117.004 A
    81.13 76.107 135.008 A
    63.98 60.02 108.00 A
    79.976 75.025 135.00 A ○
    63.37 60.01 111.52 A
    76.97 72.00 130.08 A
    63.79 60.18 108.19 A
    91.146 85.024 157.5 A
    1280 x 1024i 50.00
    86.00 80.00 A
    50.00 94.00 80.00 A
    46.43 86.70 78.745 A
    UXGA 1600 x 120075.00
    60.00 162.00 A ○
    81.25 65.00 175.50 A
    87.5 70.00 189.00 A
    93.75 75.00 202.50 A
    “i” added to the resolution value indicates an interlaced signal.
    *1 : 
    Picture quality is indicated by the following symbols.
    *2 : 
    AA: Maximum picture quality can be obtained.
    A:  Signals are converted by the image processing circuit. 
    						
    							Technical Information
    ENGLISH - 75
    Appendix
    ModeDisplay 
    resolution *1 
    (dots) Scanning 
    frequency
    Dot clock 
    frequency 
    (MHz) Picture 
    quality *2PnP Format
    H (kHz) V (Hz)
    WXGA 1280 x 768
    47.776
    59.870 79.50 AA ○
    C
    60.289
    74.893 102.25 AA
    68.633 84.837 117.50 AA
    55.993 69.991 94.964 AA
    57.675 72.004 97.817 AA
    1280 x 800 49.600
    60.050 79.36 AA
    41.200 50.000 68.557 AA
    49.702 59.810 83.50 AA ○
    63.980 60.020 108.00 AA
    58.289 69.975 98.858 AA
    60.044 71.995 102.795 AA
    62.790 74.928 106.492 AA
    71.553 84.879 122.498 AA
    1366 x 768 48.3660.00 86.67 A ○
    1360 x 768 47.70
    60.00 86.67 A
    56.16 72.00 100.19 A
    1376 x 768 48.3660.00 86.67 A
    WSXGA+ 1680 x 105065.29059.954 146.25 A
    WXGA+ 1440 x 90055.935
    59.887 106.50 A ○
    74.918 60.000 161.85 A
    WUXGA 1920 x 120074.556
    59.885 193.25 A
    74.038 59.950 154.00 A
    D-VGA 640 x 48031.47
    59.94 25.175 A ○
    H
    D-480p
    31.4759.88 25.20 A ○
    D-576p 768 x 57631.2550.00 29.50 A ○
    D-720p 1280 x 72037.50
    50.00 74.25 AA ○
    45.00 60.00 74.25 AA ○
    D-SVGA 800 x 60037.87960.32 40.00 A ○
    D-XGA 1024 x 76843.36360.00 65.00 A ○
    D-SXGA+ 1400 x 105063.97
    60.19 107.99 A
    65.350 60.120 122.85 A
    65.120 59.900 122.43 A ○
    “i” added to the resolution value indicates an interlaced signal.
    *1 : 
    Picture quality is indicated by the following symbols.
    *2 : 
    AA: Maximum picture quality can be obtained.
    A:  Signals are converted by the image processing circuit. 
    						
    							Technical Information
    76 - ENGLISH
    Appendix
    ModeDisplay 
    resolution *1 
    (dots) Scanning 
    frequency
    Dot clock 
    frequency 
    (MHz) Picture 
    quality *2PnP Format
    H (kHz) V (Hz)
    D-WXGA 1360 x 768
    47.700
    60.00 86.67 A
    H
    56.160
    72.000 100.19 A
    1366 x 768 46.500
    50.000 67.40 A
    48.360 60.00 86.67 A
    1376 x 768 48.36060.00 86.67 A
    1280 x 768 47.776
    59.870 79.50 AA ○
    60.289 74.893 102.25 AA
    68.633 84.837 117.50 AA
    1280 x 800 49.572
    59.870 83.282 AA
    41.200 50.000 68.557 AA
    49.702 59.810 83.50 AA ○
    63.980 60.020 108.00 AA
    58.289 69.975 98.858 AA
    60.044 71.995 102.795 AA
    62.790 74.928 106.492 AA
    71.553 84.879 122.498 AA
    1280 x 768 55.993
    69.991 94.964 AA
    57.675 72.004 97.817 AA
    D-SXGA 1280 x 102463.98
    60.02 108.00 A ○
    60.276 58.069 93.067 A
    31.65 29.853.48 A
    D-1035i 1920 x 1035i33.7560.00 74.25 A
    D-1080i 1920 x 1080i28.125
    50.00 74.25 A ○
    33.75 60.00 74.25 A ○
    D-1080p 1920 x 108067.5
    60.00 148.50 A ○
    56.25 50.00 148.50 A ○
    D-WXGA+ 1440 x 90055.93559.887 106.50 A
    D-WSXGA+ 1680 x 105065.29059.954 146.25 A
    D-WUXGA 1920 x 120074.03859.950 154.00 A
    “i” added to the resolution value indicates an interlaced signal.
    *1 : 
    Picture quality is indicated by the following symbols.
    *2 : 
    AA: Maximum picture quality can be obtained.
    A:  Signals are converted by the image processing circuit.
    Where marked "○" signals indicates in Plug and Play is compatible with EDID of projector . Unmarked signals 
    *3 : 
    in Plug and Play may also be compliant if input terminals are written in\
     the format list. Where Plug and Play 
    is unmarked and nothing is wirtten in the format list, difficulties in projecting image may occur even when 
    computer and projector appear to have same resolution.
    Note The number of display dots is 1280 x 800.  
     
    z
    A signal with a different resolution will be projected after converting the resolution to m\
    atch the projector 
    display.
    When interlaced signals are connected, flicker may occur on the projected image.
     
    z 
    						
    							ENGLISH - 77
    Appendix
    Specifications
    Model No.PT-TW231RU
    Power supply AC100 V - 240 V    50 Hz/60 Hz
    Power consumption 100 V - 240 V 3.6 A - 1.8 A 310 W
    When [Standby mode] of [Setting] is set to [ECO]: 0.42W
    When [Standby mode] of [Setting] is set to [Network]: 9.5W
    LCD panel Panel size
    1.5 cm (0.59") (aspect ratio 16 : 10)
    Display method 3 transparent LCD panels (RGB)
    Drive method Active matrix method
    Pixels 1 024 000(1 280 x 800) x 3 panels
    Lens Manual focus
    F 1.8 ,  f= 6.68 mm
    Luminous lamp 230 W UHM lamp
    Light output *
    12500 lm
    Applicable 
    scanning 
    frequency 
    *
    2
    for RGB signal Horizontal 15 kHz to 100 kHz, Vertical 50 Hz to 100 Hz
    Dot clock frequency: 140 MHz or less
    for YP
    BPR signal [525i(480i)] 
    Horizontal 15.75 kHz, Vertical 60 Hz
    [525p(480p)]  Horizontal 31.5 kHz, Vertical 60 Hz
    [750(720)/60p]  Horizontal 45 kHz, Vertical 60 Hz
    [1125(1080)/60i]  Horizontal 33.75 kHz, Vertical 60 Hz
    [625i(576i)]  Horizontal 15.63 kHz, Vertical 50 Hz
    [625p(576p)]  Horizontal 31.25 kHz, Vertical 50 Hz
    [750(720)/50p]  Horizontal 37.5 kHz, Vertical 50 Hz
    [1125(1080)50i]  Horizontal 28.13 kHz, Vertical 50 Hz
    HD/SYNC and V terminals are not compliant with 3 value composite SYNC
     
    z
    for Video signal 
    (including S-video) Horizontal 15.75 kHz / 15.63 kHz, Vertical 50 Hz / 60 Hz
    for HDMI signal 525p(480p), 625p(576p), 750(720)/60p, 750(720)/50p, 1125(1080)/60p, 1125(1080)/50p, 
    1125(1080)/60i, 1125(1080)/50i
    Displayable resolution: VGA to WUXGA (non-interlace)
     
    z
    Dot clock frequency: up to 162 MHz 
    z
    Color system 7 (NTSC, NTSC4.43, PAL, PAL-N, PAL-M, SECAM, PAL60)
    Projection size 1.52 m -2.79m (60"-110")
    Screen aspect ratio 16 : 10
    Projection scheme Front / Rear / Mount on Ceiling / Floor (Menu setting system)
    Speaker 1 (3.7 cm round-type)
    Maximum usable volume output 10W
    Contrast ratio *
    1500 : 1 (all white / all black)
    Measurement, measuring conditions and method of notation all comply with\
     ISO21118 international 
    *1 : 
    standards.
    For details of video signals that can be projected using this projector, refer to “List of compatible signals”. 
    *2 : 
    (
    Æpage 73 to 76) 
    						
    							Specifications
    78 - ENGLISH
    Appendix
    Model No.PT-TW231RU
    Terminals COMPUTER IN 1/
    COMPONENT IN
    1 (D-sub 15 pin female)
    [RGB signal] 
    0.7 V [p-p] 75 Ω (When G-SYNC: 1.0 [p-p] 75 Ω
     
    HD/SYNC TTL high impedance, automatic positive/negative polarity compatible
      VD TTL high impedance, automatic positive/negative polarity compatible
    [YP
    BPR signal]  Y: 1.0 V [p-p] including synchronization signal, PBPR: 0.7 V [p-p] 75 Ω
    COMPUTER IN 2/
    MONITOR OUT [RGB signal] 
    0.7 V [p-p] 75 Ω (When G-SYNC: 1.0 [p-p] 75 Ω
     
    HD/SYNC TTL high impedance, automatic positive/negative polarity compatible
      VD TTL high impedance, automatic positive/negative polarity compatible
    VIDEO IN 1 (RCA pin jack   1.0 V [p-p] 75 Ω)
    S-VIDEO IN 1 (Mini DIN 4 pin, Y 1.0 V [p-p], C 0.286 V [p-p] 75 Ω, S1 signal compatible)
    HDMI IN 1 (HDMI 19 pin, HDCP and Deep color compatible)
    AUDIO IN 1 (M3 stereo mini jack, 0.5 V [rms], input impedance 22 kΩ and more)
    1 (RCA pin jack x 2 (L-R), 0.5 V [rms], input impedance 22 kΩ and more)
    AUDIO OUT 1 (M3 stereo mini jack, stereo monitor output compatible,
    0 V [rms] to 2.0 V [rms] valuable, output impedance 2.2 kΩ and less)
    CONTROL PORT 1 (D-sub 9 pin, RS-232C compliant, for computer control use
    LAN 1 (for RJ-45 network connection, PJLink compatible,)
    Power cable length 2.0 m (6.6')
    Cabinet Molded plastic
    Dimensions Width: 350 mm (13.78") (excluding protractions)
    Height: 143.4 mm (5.65") (when front adjustable feet shortened) Depth: 381.9 mm (15.04") (excluding protractions)
    Weight Approx.4.7 kg (10.4 lbs.) *
    3
    Operating environmentOperating environment temperature  : 0 °C (32 °F) to 35 °C (95 °F)
    Operating environment humidity: 20 % to 80 % (no condensation)
    Remote 
    control Power supply
    DC 3 V (battery (AAA/R03 Type ) x 2)
    Operating range Approx. 5 m (196.9") (when operated directly in front of receptor)
    Weight 67 g (2.36 ozs.) (including batteries)
    Dimensions Width : 52 mm (2.05"), Length : 110 mm (4.33"), Height : 18 mm (0.71")
    This is an average value. It may differ depending on individual product.
    *3 : 
    The part numbers of accessories and separately sold components are subje\
    ct to change without notice.
     
    z 
    						
    							Ceiling mount bracket safeguards
    ENGLISH - 79
    Appendix
    Dimensions
    
    Actual dimension may differ by product.
    : 
    
    6.56(166.7)
    6.29(159.8)
    0.55(14)1.14(29)1.46(37.1)
    2.51(63.8)5.65(143.5)
    0.70(17.8) 0.34(8.7)
    4.53(1 15)
    3.54(90)
    6.77(172)
    3.94(100)
    1.65(42)
    7.09(180)
    4.33(110) 7.53(191.3
    )
    5.60(142.2 )
    5.46(138.7)
    15.11(383.8)
    13.78(350)
    10.94(277.8)
    0.56(14.2)
    0.72(18.3)
    2.76(70) 7.09(180)
    Ceiling mount bracket safeguards
    Installation work of the ceiling mount bracket should only be carried by a qualified technician. 
    z
    Even if it is during guaranteed period, the manufacturer is not responsi\
    ble for any hazard or damage caused  
    z
    by using a ceiling mount bracket which is not purchased from an authoriz\
    ed distributors, or environmental 
    conditions.
    Remove an unused ceiling mount bracket promptly.
     
    z
    Ensure to use a torque driver and do not use an electrical screwdriver or an impact screwdriver . 
    z
    For details, see the work instruction manual packed together with the ce\
    iling mount bracket. 
    z
    The model Nos. of the accessories and the parts sold separately are subj\
    ect to change without notice. 
    z
    Make sure the screws on the ceiling mount kit cannot touch the metal par\
    ts materials (metallic lath, wire or  
    z
    board) in the ceiling board. Otherwise it may result in fire hazard.
    Specifications
    Model No. of ceiling mount bracket: 
    ET-PKV100H (for high ceilings)
    ET-PKV100S (for low ceilings)
    Model No. of projector mount base: 
    ET-PKT100B
    Bottom view
     
    M5 x 0.7
    12 mm(0.47)"
    Torque: 1.2 
    ± 0.1N .
    m 
    						
    							80 - ENGLISH
    Appendix
    Index
    A
    About Your Projector.......................17
    Accessories  .................................... 15
    Adjusting front adjustable feet  ........ 24
    Attaching the Lens Cover  ............... 66
    AUTO PC adjust  ............................. 41
    Auto setup  ...................................... 52
    AV MUTE  ........................................ 34
    B
    Background .................................... 53
    Basic operations by using the   
    remote control  ............................. 32
    Blackboard(Green)  ......................... 44
    Brightness ....................................... 45
    C
    Cautions on use.............................. 14
    Cautions when installing  ................. 12
    Cautions when transporting  ............ 12
    CD-ROM  ......................................... 16
    Ceiling............................................. 50
    Cinema  ........................................... 44
    Closed caption  ................................ 56
    Color  ............................................... 45
    Colorboard  ...................................... 44
    Color temp.  ..................................... 45
    Computer System Selection  ........... 39
    Connecting  ..................................... 25
    Connecting the power cord .............26
    Contrast  .......................................... 45
    Control panel  .................................. 19
    Custom  ........................................... 48
    Custom adj.  .................................... 49
    D
    Digital zoom .................................... 49
    Direct on  ......................................... 55
    Direct Power Off function  ................30
    Display  ............................................ 53
    Disposal  .......................................... 13
    Dynamic .......................................... 44
    F
    Fan ................................................. 57
    Fan control ...................................... 58
    Filter counter ................................... 58
    FREEZE  ......................................... 33
    Full  .................................................. 48
    G
    Gamma ........................................... 46
    H
    HDMI setup..................................... 54
    How to adjust the state of the   image  .......................................... 31
    I
    ID numbers ..................................... 21
    Image adjust  ................................... 45
    Image select  ................................... 44
    Information ...................................... 60
    Input menu ...................................... 39
    Input search  .................................... 52Installing and Removing batteries
     .. 21
    K
    Keystone ......................................... 49
    L
    LAMP and WARNING Indicators  ....61
    LAMP indicator  ............................... 61
    Lamp power  .................................... 56
    Lamp runtime .................................. 58
    Lamp unit  ........................................ 64
    Language ........................................ 52
    List of compatible signals  ............... 73
    Logo ................................................ 53
    M
    Main menu ...................................... 37
    Maintenance  ................................... 62
    Managing the indicated problems ...61
    Manual PC adjust  ........................... 42
    Menu Navigation ............................. 36
    Menu position  ................................. 52
    Mute................................................ 51
    N
    Natural wide....................................48
    Noise reduction ............................... 46
    Normal  ............................................ 48
    O
    ON(G)/STANDBY(R) indicator  ........ 27
    Optional accessories  ...................... 16
    Other terminals  ............................... 72
    P
    PIN code ......................................... 29
    PIN code Protection ........................29
    Power management  ....................... 54
    Precautions for Use  ........................ 12
    Progressive..................................... 47
    Projecting ........................................ 31
    Projection distance  ......................... 23
    Projection method ...........................22
    Projector body  ................................ 18
    P-Timer  ........................................... 55
    R
    Read this first!................................... 2
    Real  ................................................ 44
    Rear  ................................................ 50
    Rear terminals  ................................ 20
    Remote control  ......................... 17, 56
    Replacing the Lamp unit  ................. 65
    Replacing the unit  ........................... 63
    Resetting the Lamp Runtime  .......... 65
    S
    Screen  ............................................ 48
    Screen aspect ................................. 50
    Screen size and throw distance ......23
    Security..................................... 13, 57
    Selecting the image  ........................
    31
    Serial terminal................................. 69
    Setting  ............................................ 52
    Setting the ID number .....................21
    Setting up  ....................................... 22Sharpness
     ...................................... 46
    Sound  ............................................. 51
    Specifications  ................................. 77
    Standard  ......................................... 44
    Standby mode  ................................ 55
    Sub menu  ....................................... 37
    Switching the input signal  ............... 32
    T
    Terminal .......................................... 54
    Tint  .................................................. 45
    Troubleshooting  .............................. 67
    True  ................................................ 48
    Turning Off the Projector  ................30
    Turning On the Projector  ................ 28
    V
    Video delay control  ......................... 58
    Video System Selection  .................. 39
    Volume ............................................ 51
    W
    WARNING indicator ........................ 61
    Warning log  .................................... 59
    Wide(16:9)  ...................................... 48
    Z
    Zoom .............................................. 48 
    						
    All Panasonic manuals Comments (0)

    Related Manuals for Panasonic Projector PT-TW231RU User Manual