Samsung Nx1 User Manual
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20 Concepts in Photography ISO sensitivity The exposure of an image is determined by the sensitivity of the camera. This sensitivity is based on international film standards, known as ISO standards. On digital cameras, this sensitivity rating is used to represent the sensitivity of the digital mechanism that captures the image. ISO sensitivity doubles as the number doubles. For example, an ISO 200 setting is capable of capturing images at twice the speed of an ISO 100 setting. However, higher ISO settings can result in “noise“—small specks, spots, and other phenomena in a photo that give the shot a noisy or dirty appearance. As a general rule, it is best to use a low ISO setting to prevent noise in your photos, unless you are shooting in darkened environments or at night. Changes in the quality and brightness according to ISO sensitivity Because a low ISO sensitivity means the camera will be less sensitive to light, you need more light to have an optimal exposure. When using a low ISO sensitivity, open the aperture more or reduce the shutter speed to allow more light to enter the camera. For example, on a sunny day when light is abundant, a low ISO sensitivity does not require a slow shutter speed. However, in a dark place or at night, a low ISO sensitivity will result in a blurry photo. Therefore, it is recommended to increase the ISO sensitivity by a moderate amount. A photo captured with a tripod and high ISO sensitivity A blurred photo with a low ISO sensitivity
21 Concepts in Photography How the aperture setting, shutter speed, and ISO sensitivity control exposure The aperture setting, shutter speed, and ISO sensitivity are closely interconnected in photography. The aperture setting controls the opening that regulates the light that enters the camera, while the shutter speed determines the length of time that light is allowed to enter. ISO sensitivity determines the speed at which the film reacts to light. Together, these three aspects are described as the triangle of exposure. A change in shutter speed, aperture value, or ISO sensitivity can be offset by adjustments to the others to maintain the amount of light. The results, however, change according to the settings. For example, shutter speed is useful in expressing movement, aperture can control the depth of field, and ISO sensitivity can control the graininess of a photo. SettingsResults Aperture value Wide aperture = more light Narrow aperture = less light Wide = shallow depth of field Narrow = deep depth of field SettingsResults Shutter speed Fast speed = less light Slow speed = more light Fast = still Slow = blurry ISO sensitivity High sensitivity = more sensitive to light Low sensitivity = less sensitive to light High = more grainy Low = less grainy
22 Concepts in Photography Correlation between focal length, angle, and perspective Focal length, which is measured in millimeters, is the distance between the middle of the lens to its focal point. It affects the angle and perspective of captured images. A short focal length translates into a wide angle, which allows you to capture a wide shot. A long focal length translates into a narrow angle, which allows you to capture telephoto shots. Short focal length wide shot wide angle wide-angle lens Long focal length telephoto shot narrow angle telephoto lens Look at these photos below and compare the changes. 16 mm angle 50 mm angle200 mm angle Normally, a lens with a wide angle is suitable for shooting landscapes and a lens with a narrow angle is recommended for shooting sports events or portraits.
23 Concepts in Photography Depth of field The depth of field (DOF) is the focused area around the subject. In general, the DOF can be shallow or deep. In photos with a shallow DOF, the subject is sharply focused, the background is blurred and the subject stands out. In contrast, photos with a deep DOF have all the elements of the photo in sharp focus. You can create a photo with a shallow DOF by using a telescopic lens or by selecting a low aperture value. You can create a photo with a deep DOF by using a wide angle lens or by selecting a high aperture value. Shallow Depth of FieldDeep Depth of Field What controls out-of-focus effects? DOF depends on the aperture value A low aperture value indicates that the aperture has a wide opening. The wider the aperture, the shallower the DOF becomes. Conversely, a high aperture value indicates that the aperture has a narrow opening. The narrower the aperture, the deeper the DOF becomes. 50 mm F5.750 mm F22
24 Concepts in Photography DOF depends on focal length The longer the focal length, the shallower the DOF. A telescopic lens with a longer focal length will capture a photo with a shallow DOF better than a lens with a shorter focal length. A photo captured with an 16 mm wide-angle lens A photo captured with a 100 mm telescope lens DOF depends on the distance between the subject and the camera The shorter the distance between the subject and the camera, the shallower the DOF is. Therefore, taking a photo close to a subject generally results in a photo with a shallow DOF. A photo captured with a 100 mm telescope lens A photo captured close to the subject
25 Concepts in Photography DOF preview You can press the Preview button to get an idea of what your shot will look like before shooting. The camera adjusts the aperture to the predefined settings and shows the results on the screen. Set the function of the Preview button to Optical Preview. (p. 189) Composition The way that objects are arranged in a photo is referred to as its composition. A good composition emphasizes the photo’s subjects by drawing attention to them and by balancing them with the other elements in the photo. Following the rule of thirds is one method that usually results in good compositions. Rule of Thirds To use the rule of thirds, divide the image into a 3x3 pattern of equal rectangles. To compose photos that best emphasize the subject, make sure the subject is located at one of the corners of the center rectangle.
26 Concepts in Photography Using the rule of thirds will create photos with stable and compelling compositions. Below are a few examples.Photos with two subjects If your subject is in one corner of the photo, it creates an unbalanced composition. You can stabilize the photo by capturing a second subject in the opposite corner to balance the weight of the photo. Subject 1Subject 2Subject 1 Subject 2 Unstable Stable When taking landscape photos, centering the horizon will create an unbalanced effect. Give more weight to the photo by moving the horizon up or down. Subject 1 Subject 2Subject 1 Subject 2 Unstable Stable
27 Concepts in Photography Flash Light is one of the most important components in photography. However, you will not always have enough of light in all situations. Making use of a flash allows you to compensate for the lack of light and create a variety of effects. The flash, also known as a strobe or speed light, provides adequate exposure in low-light conditions. It is also useful in light-abundant situations. For example, you can use the flash to provide light when a subject is in shadow or use it to capture clearly both the subject and the background under backlit conditions. Back lit subjects without flashBack lit subjects with flash Flash guide number The model number of a flash refers to the flash’s power, and the maximum amount of light created is represented by a value known as the “guide number“. A flash with a higher guide number emits a larger amount of light than a flash with a lower guide number. The guide number is calculated by multiplying the distance from the flash to the subject by the aperture value when the ISO sensitivity is set to 100. Guide number = Flash to Subject Distance X Aperture value Aperture value = Guide number/Flash to Subject Distance Flash to Subject Distance = Guide number/Aperture value If you know the flash’s guide number, you can estimate an appropriate flash-to-subject distance when setting the flash manually. For example, if a flash has a guide number of GN 20 and is 4 meters away from the subject, the optimal aperture value is F5.0.
28 Concepts in Photography Bounce Photography Bounce photography refers to the method of bouncing light off of the ceiling or walls so that the light spreads evenly over the subject. Normally, photos captured with the flash may appear unnatural and cast shadows. Subjects in photos captured with bounce photography cast no shadows and look smooth due to evenly spread light.
Chapter 1 My Camera Learn about your camera’s layout, display icons, lens, optional accessories, and basic functions.